Debian não impõe requisitos de hardware para além do que é requerido pelo kernel Linux ou pelo kernel kFreeBSD e pelas ferramentas GNU. Por isso qualquer arquitectura ou plataforma para a qual tenha sido portado o kernel Linux ou kFreeBSD, libc, gcc, etc. e para a qual exista um port de Debian, poderá correr Debian. Para mais detalhes sobre sistemas com a arquitectura 64-bit ARM que tenham sido testados com Debian GNU/Linux, por favor, veja as páginas dos Ports em http://www.debian.org/ports/arm/.
Em vez de tentar descrever todas a configurações de hardware que são suportadas por 64-bit ARM, esta secção contém informação geral e indicações de onde se pode encontrar informação adicional.
Debian GNU/Linux 8 suporta dez arquitecturas de maior relevo e várias variações de cada arquitectura conhecidas por “flavors”.
Arquitectura | Designação Debian | Sub-arquitectura | Flavor |
---|---|---|---|
Baseado em Intel x86 | i386 | ||
AMD64 & Intel 64 | amd64 | ||
ARM | armel | Intel IXP4xx | ixp4xx |
Marvell Kirkwood | kirkwood | ||
Marvell Orion | orion5x | ||
Versatile | versatile | ||
ARM com FPU em hardware | armhf | multi-plataforma | armmp |
multi-plataforma para sistemas LPAE | armmp-lpae | ||
ARM 64bit | arm64 | ||
MIPS (big endian) | mips | SGI IP22 (Indy/Indigo 2) | r4k-ip22 |
SGI IP32 (O2) | r5k-ip32 | ||
MIPS Malta (32 bit) | 4kc-malta | ||
MIPS Malta (64 bit) | 5kc-malta | ||
MIPS (little endian) | mipsel | MIPS Malta (32 bit) | 4kc-malta |
MIPS Malta (64 bit) | 5kc-malta | ||
IBM/Motorola PowerPC | powerpc | PowerMac | pmac |
PReP | prep | ||
Power Systems | ppc64el | IBM POWER8 ou máquinas mais recentes | |
IBM S/390 de 64bit | s390x | IPL a partir de VM-reader e DASD | generic |
Debian GNU/kFreeBSD 8 suporta duas arquitecturas.
Arquitectura | Designação Debian |
---|---|
Baseado em Intel x86 | kfreebsd-i386 |
AMD64 & Intel 64 | kfreebsd-amd64 |
Este documento cobre a instalação para a arquitectura 64-bit ARM utilizando o Linux. Se está à procura de informação acerca de qualquer uma das outras arquitecturas suportadas por Debian veja a página dos Debian-Ports.
Este é o primeiro lançamento oficial de Debian GNU/Linux para a arquitectura 64-bit ARM. Nós sentimos que já se provou o suficiente para ser lançado. No entanto, devido a não ter a exposição (e consequentemente o teste por utilizadores) que algumas outras arquitecturas tiveram, poderá encontrar alguns bugs. Utilize o nosso Sistema de Seguimento de Bugs para relatar quaisquer problemas; não se esqueça de mencionar o facto que o bug está presente na arquitectura 64-bit ARM utilizando o kernel Linux. Pode ser necessário usar também a mailing list debian-arm
The ARM architecture has evolved over time and modern ARM processors provide features which are not available in older models. Debian therefore provides three ARM ports to give the best support for a very wide range of different machines:
Debian/armel targets older 32-bit ARM processors without support for a hardware floating point unit (FPU),
Debian/armhf works only on newer 32-bit ARM processors which implement at least the ARMv7 architecture with version 3 of the ARM vector floating point specification (VFPv3). It makes use of the extended features and performance enhancements available on these models.
Debian/arm64 works on 64-bit ARM processors which implement at least the ARMv8 architecture.
Tecnicamente, todos os actuais CPUs ARM disponíveis podem correr em qualquer modo endian (big ou little), mas na prática a vasta maioria utiliza o modo little-endian. Debian/armhf, Debian/armhf e Debian/armel suportam apenas sistemas little-endian.
ARM systems are much more heterogeneous than those based on the i386/amd64-based PC architecture, so the support situation can be much more complicated.
The ARM architecture is used mainly in so-called “system-on-chip” (SoC) designs. These SoCs are designed by many different companies, often with vastly varying hardware components even for the very basic functionality required to bring the system up. Older versions of the ARM architecture have seen massive differences from one SoC to the next, but ARMv8 (arm64) is much more standardised and so is easier for the Linux kernel and other software to support.
Server versions of ARMv8 hardware are typically configured using the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) and Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) standards. These two provide common, device-independent ways to boot and configure computer hardware. They are also common in the x86 PC world.
Arm64/AArch64/ARMv8 hardware became available quite late in the Debian Jessie release cycle so not many platforms had support merged in the mainline kernel version by the time of this release; this is the main requirement to have debian-installer
working on them. The following platforms are known to be supported by Debian/arm64 in this release. There is only one kernel image, which supports all the listed platforms.
The APM Mustang was the first Linux-capable ARMv8 system available. It uses the X-gene SoC, which has since also been used in other machines. It is an 8-core CPU, with ethernet, USB and serial. A common form-factor looks just like a desktop PC box, but many other versions are expected in the future. Most of the hardware is supported in the mainline kernel, but at this point USB support is lacking in the Jessie kernel.
Juno is a capable development board with a 6-core (2xA57, 4xA53) ARMv8-A 800Mhz CPU, Mali (T624) graphics, 8GB DDR3 RAM, Ethernet, USB, Serial. It was designed for system bring-up and power testing so is neither small nor cheap, but was one of the first boards available. All the on-board hardware is supported in the mainline kernel and in Jessie.
Ao utilizar o debian-installer
em sistemas que não sejam UEFI, tem de manualmente fazer com que o sistema arranque no final da instalação, e.g. ao correr os comandos necessários na shell iniciada a partir do debian-installer
. O flash-kernel sabe como configurar o sistema X-Gene para arrancar com U-Boot.
The multiplatform support in the arm64 Linux kernel may also allow running debian-installer
on arm64 systems not explicitly listed above. So long as the kernel used by debian-installer
has support for the target system's components, and a device-tree file for that target is available, a new target system may work just fine. In these cases, the installer can usually provide a working installation, and so long as UEFI is in use, it should be able to make the system bootable as well. If UEFI is not used you may also need to perform some manual configuration steps to make the system bootable.
O suporte a multi-processador — também chamado de “multiprocessamento simétrico” ou SMP — está disponível para esta arquitectura. Ter vários processadores num computador era originalmente um tópico para sistemas servidor topo de gama mas nos últimos anos tornaram-se vulgares com a introdução dos chamados processadores “multi-core”. Estes contêm duas ou mais unidades de processamento, chamadas de “cores”, num único chip.
A imagem standard de kernel de Debian 8 foi compilada com suporte para SMP. Também é utilizável, sem qualquer problema, em sistemas não-SMP.
Debian's support for graphical interfaces is determined by the underlying support found in X.Org's X11 system, and the kernel. Basic framebuffer graphics is provided by the kernel, whilst desktop environments use X11. Whether advanced graphics card features such as 3D-hardware acceleration or hardware-accelerated video are available, depends on the actual graphics hardware used in the system and in some cases on the installation of additional “firmware” images (see Secção 2.2, “Dispositivos que Necessitam de Firmware”).
Nearly all ARM machines have the graphics hardware built-in, rather than being on a plug-in card. Some machines do have expansion slots which will take graphics cards, but that is a rarity. Hardware designed to be headless with no graphics at all is quite common. Whilst basic framebuffer video provided by the kernel should work on all devices that have graphics, fast 3D graphics invariably needs binary drivers to work. The situation is changing quickly but at the time of the jessie release free drivers for nouveau (Nvidia Tegra K1 SoC) and freedreno (Qualcomm Snapdragon SoCs) are available in the release. Other hardware needs non-free drivers from 3rd parties.
Details on supported graphics hardware and pointing devices can be found at http://xorg.freedesktop.org/. Debian 8 ships with X.Org version 7.7.
Quase todas as placas de rede (NIC) suportadas pelo kernel Linux devem também ser suportadas pelo sistema de instalação; os controladores devem ser carregados automaticamente.
Em 64-bit ARM é suportada a maioria dos dispositivos Ethernet embutidos e são disponibilizados módulos para dispositivos adicionais PCI e USB.