[ önceki ] [ İçindekiler ] [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ sonraki ]


APT NASIL
Bölüm 6 - Paketler hakkında bilgi toplama


Paketler hakkında bilgi toplamak için APT sisteminin üzerinde çalışan programlar bulunmaktadır.

Fakat burada amacımız APT ile aynı bilgilere nasıl erişebileceğinizi sizlere anlatmaktır. Mesela, kurmak istediğiniz programın paket adını nasıl öğrenebiliriz?

That's what this chapter intends to answer. Let's check out our options.


6.1 Paket isimlerini keşfetme

Örneğin, eski iyi günleri hatırladınız, Atari 2600 günlerinizi... Ve bir Atari emülator programı kurmak için APT'yi kullanmak istiyorsunuz ancak kurmanız gereken paketin ismini bilmiyorsunuz. Yapmanız gereken:

     $ aptitude search atari
     p   atari-fdisk-cross               - Partition editor for Atari (running on no
     p   atari800                        - Atari emulator for X/curses/SDL
     p   console-keymaps-atari           - Keymaps for Atari keyboards.

We find several packages related to what we're looking for, together with brief descriptions. The p letter at the begining of the line is similar to the notation used inside the curses UI aptitude uses. It means, thus, that the package is not installed. Important to notice that aptitude only searches package names by default. You can use all the search options provided by aptitude, which you can discover by reading the aptitude's User Manual. To search the descriptions, for example, you could use:

     $ aptitude search ~datari 
     p   aranym                          - Atari Running on Any Machine
     p   atari-fdisk-cross               - Partition editor for Atari (running on no
     p   atari800                        - Atari emulator for X/curses/SDL
     p   circuslinux                     - The clowns are trying to pop balloons to
     p   circuslinux-data                - Data files for circuslinux
     p   console-keymaps-atari           - Keymaps for Atari keyboards.
     [...]
     p   stella                          - Atari 2600 Emulator for SDL & X windows
     [...]

Now, that returned many more packages, as we can see. Now that we found a list of possible solutions to our problem, let's go deeper into them:

     $ aptitude show stella
     Package: atari-fdisk-cross
     Version: 0.7.1-5
     Priority: extra
     Section: otherosfs
     Maintainer: Roman Hodek <roman@hodek.net$gt;
     Uncompressed Size: 106k
     Description: Partition editor for Atari (running on non-Atari)
      Atari-fdisk allows you to create and edit the partition table of a disk
      partitioned in Atari format. It supports both the AHDI 5.0 and ICD variations
      of the Atari format. It is an interactive tool with a menu similar to PC
      fdisk, and also supports most options of PC fdisk.

In this output you have many details about the package that you want (or don't want) to install, together with the full description of the package. You can also use the apt-cache program to get informations like those. If you choose this tool, it will be able to show multiple versions of a package that are available, for example:

     $ apt-cache show muine
     Package: muine
     Version: 0.5.0-1
     Priority: optional
     Section: gnome
     Maintainer: Link Dupont <link@subpop.net>
     Depends: gstreamer-gconf (>= 0.6.4), libatk1.0-0 (>= 1.4.1), libbonobo2-0 (>= 2.4.3), libc6 (>= 2.3.2.ds1-4), libflac4, libgconf2-4 (>= 2.4.0.1), libgdbm3, libglib2.0-0 (>= 2.2.3), libgnomevfs2-0 (>= 2.4.1), libgnomevfs2-common (>= 2.4.1), libgstreamer0.6-0 (>= 0.6.1-2), libgtk2.0-0 (>= 2.2.1), libid3tag0 (>= 0.15.0b), libogg0 (>= 1.1.0), liborbit2 (>= 1:2.8.0), libpango1.0-0 (>= 1.2.1), libvorbis0a (>= 1.0.1), libvorbisfile3 (>= 1.0.1), libxml2 (>= 2.6.7), zlib1g (>= 1:1.2.1), gconf2 (>= 2.4.0), mono-jit (>= 0.30) | cli-virtual-machine, gtk-sharp (>= 0.17), gconf-sharp (>= 0.17), gnome-sharp (>= 0.17)
     Architecture: i386
     Filename: ./pool/main/m/muine/muine_0.5.0-1_i386.deb
     Size: 164314
     Installed-Size: 692
     MD5sum: 9885f13e5ef4f76b3bf6fe7bb3ea8634
     Description: Simple music player
      Muine is an innovative music player. It has a simple interface designed to
      allow the user to easily construct playlists from albums and/or single songs.
      Its goal is to be simply a music player, not to become a robust music
      management application.
      
     Package: muine
     Priority: optional
     Section: gnome
     Installed-Size: 492
     Maintainer: Link Dupont <link@subpop.net>
     Architecture: i386
     Version: 0.4.0-8
     Depends: gstreamer-gconf (>= 0.6.4), libatk1.0-0 (>= 1.4.1), libbonobo2-0 (>= 2.4.3), libc6 (>= 2.3.2.ds1-4), libflac4, libgconf2-4 (>= 2.4.0.1), libgdbm3, libglib2.0-0 (>= 2.2.3), libgnomevfs2-0 (>= 2.4.1), libgnomevfs2-common (>= 2.4.1), libgstreamer0.6-0 (>= 0.6.1-2), libgtk2.0-0 (>= 2.2.1), libid3tag0 (>= 0.15.0b), libogg0 (>= 1.1.0), liborbit2 (>= 1:2.8.0), libpango1.0-0 (>= 1.2.1), libvorbis0a (>= 1.0.1), libvorbisfile3 (>= 1.0.1), libxml2 (>= 2.6.6), zlib1g (>= 1:1.2.1), gconf2 (>= 2.4.0), mono-jit (>= 0.30) | cli-virtual-machine, gtk-sharp (>= 0.16), gconf-sharp (>= 0.16), gnome-sharp (>= 0.16)
     Filename: pool/main/m/muine/muine_0.4.0-8_i386.deb
     Size: 139864
     MD5sum: e746709ad6a6fcc1e9c46b46b3d6e5b2
     Description: Simple music player
      Muine is an innovative music player. It has a simple interface designed to
      allow the user to easily construct playlists from albums and/or single songs.
      Its goal is to be simply a music player, not to become a robust music
      management application.

Paketler hakkında bilgi toplama

     # apt-cache showpkg penguin-command
     Package: penguin-command
     Versions: 
     1.4.5-1(/var/lib/apt/lists/download.sourceforge.net_debian_dists_unstable_main_binary-i386_Packages)(/var/lib/dpkg/status)
     
     Reverse Depends: 
     Dependencies: 
     1.4.5-1 - libc6 (2 2.2.1-2) libpng2 (0 (null)) libsdl-mixer1.1 (2 1.1.0) libsdl1.1 (0 (null)) zlib1g (2 1:1.1.3) 
     Provides: 
     1.4.5-1 - 
     Reverse Provides:

Bir paketin bağımlı olduğu paketlerin listesini almak için:

     # apt-cache depends penguin-command
     penguin-command
       Depends: libc6
       Depends: libpng2
       Depends: libsdl-mixer1.1
       Depends: libsdl1.1
       Depends: zlib1g

In summary, we have a range of weapons we can use to find out the name of a package we want.


6.2 Paket adlarını bulmak için dpkg kullanma

Paket adını bulmada diğer bir yöntem de o paket tarafından kullanıldığını bildiğiniz bir dosyadan hareket etmektir. Örneğin belirli bir ".h" dosyasını içerdiğini bildiğiniz paketin ismini aşağıdaki gibi bulabilirsiniz:

     # dpkg -S stdio.h
     libc6-dev: /usr/include/stdio.h
     libc6-dev: /usr/include/bits/stdio.h
     perl: /usr/lib/perl/5.6.0/CORE/nostdio.h

veya:

     $ dpkg -S /usr/include/stdio.h
     libc6-dev: /usr/include/stdio.h

Notice that this method only works to find package names of packages that are installed in your system. You'll have to use auto-apt (see Programları anında kurma, Kısım 7.1) or apt-file (see Bir dosyanın hangi pakete ait olduğunu bulma, Kısım 6.3) to search for files on packages which are not installed. You can also take a look at the http://packages.debian.org/ website. To list the names of packages installed on your system, which is useful, for example, if you plan to clean up your hard drive, you can run:

     # dpkg -l | grep mozilla
     ii  mozilla-browse 0.9.6-7        Mozilla Web Browser

Bu komut paket isimlerini belirli bir uzunluktan sonra kesmektedir. Yukarıdaki örnekte paketin tam ismi mozilla-browser'dır. Bu problemi gidermek için COLUMNS çevresel değişkenini aşağıdaki gibi ayarlamalısınız:

     [kov]@[couve] $ COLUMNS=132 dpkg -l | grep mozilla
     ii  mozilla-browser             0.9.6-7                     Mozilla Web Browser - core and browser

6.3 Bir dosyanın hangi pakete ait olduğunu bulma

If you want to install a package, and you can't find out what it is called by searching with apt-cache, but know the filename of the program itself, or some other filename that belongs to the package, then you can use apt-file, which is included in the package of same name to find the package name. This is done like this:

     $ apt-file search dosya_adı

Bu komut aynı dpkg -S gibi çalışır ancak ayrıca verdiğiniz dosyayı içermesine rağmen sisteminizden sonradan kaldırılmış olan paketleri de listeler.

Bir paketin içeriğini aşağıdaki komutla listeleyebilirsiniz:

     $ apt-file list paket_adı

apt-file tüm paketler hakkında içerdikleri dosyalara ilişkin kayıtları tutar. Aynı auto-apt'de olduğu gibi bu veritabanının da zamanla güncellenmesi gereklidir:

     # apt-file update

Öntanımlı olarak apt-file auto-apt ile aynı kaynağı kullanır, bkz. Programları anında kurma, Kısım 7.1.


6.4 Paketler hakkında bilgi toplama

There are lots of web resources with informations about the packages available in the Debian distribution, most of them directed mainly towards Debian Developers, but many of them may be useful for users, too.

The Debian Packages Pages lets you search for packages that are available on the various architectures Debian supports and, also, search for the contents of all the Debian packages. There are information regarding dependencies and other relationships with packages. There are also links to download the source package and the binary package for all architectures. You can use a shortcut like http://packages.debian.org/packagename to have quick access links to a package.

The Package Tracking System provides information about what happened to the package recently, what are the TODO itens, from a Debian maintainers point of view, provides a summary of bugs reported and some more very useful information. One of the nice things about the Package Tracking System is that it lets you "subscribe" to a package to follow all the emails that the maintainer usually receives about the package. This way you can follow the development of packages that are crucial for your work or play. The http://packages.qa.debian.org/packagename shortcut works here, as well.

Finally, the Bug Tracking System provides information about known bugs in the packages distributed by Debian. This may be useful for you to find out why something does not work the way you expected and even find solutions or work-arounds through the bug logs. Also, read these pages and its documentation to be able to fill good bug reports for Debian. The http://bugs.debian.org/packagename shortcut also works here, as expected, but the BTS (Bug Tracking System) also accepts other very useful shortcuts like, for example, http://bugs.debian.org/src:packagename to show all bug reports on all binary packages provided by a given source package.


[ önceki ] [ İçindekiler ] [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ sonraki ]


APT NASIL

2.0.2 - October 2006

Gustavo Noronha Silva kov@debian.org
Çeviri: Murat Demirten murat@debian.org